EMpuma Prefabricated House Manufacture (Shandong) Co., Ltd.

Imbali yezindlu ezenziweyo

P

ost-IMfazwe Yehlabathi II Prefabricated Aluminiyam kunye Steel Houses kunye nokubaluleka kwazo Namhlanje

1. Imvelaphi

Ekuqaleni kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini (WW II), ubunini bamakhaya e-US buye behla baya kutsho phantsi kwe-43.6% ngo-1940, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yoxinzelelo olukhulu kunye noqoqosho olubuthathaka lwase-US kwiziphumo zako.Ngexesha le-WW II, iBhodi yeMveliso yeMfazwe yakhupha i-Conservation Order L-41 ngomhla we-9 ku-Epreli 1942, ibeka lonke ulwakhiwo phantsi kolawulo oluqinileyo.Lo myalelo wenze ukuba kube yimfuneko ukuba abakhi bafumane ugunyaziso kwiBhodi yeMveliso yeMfazwe ukuba baqalise ukwakha okuxabisa ngaphezulu kwemigangatho ethile ngexesha eliqhubekayo leenyanga ezili-12.Ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokuhlala, loo mda wawuyi-$ 500, kunye nemida ephezulu yoshishino kunye nokwakhiwa kwezolimo.Impembelelo yale miba kulwakhiwo lweendawo zokuhlala zase-US phakathi kwe-1921 kunye ne-1945 ibonakala kwitshathi elandelayo, ebonisa ukuhla okunyukayo ngexesha loKudandatheka okukhulu kwaye kwakhona emva kokukhutshwa kwe-Order L-41.

IXABISO-LOKWAKHIWA-1921-1945

 

Umthombo: "Ulwakhiwo kwiminyaka yeMfazwe - 1942-45,"
ISebe lezeMisebenzi laseMelika, iBulletin No. 915

Ekupheleni kweWW II, i-US yayinezigidi eziqikelelwa kwi-7.6 yemikhosi phesheya kolwandle.IBhodi yeMveliso yeMfazwe yarhoxisa i-L-41 ngomhla we-15 ngo-Oktobha 1945, iinyanga ezintlanu emva komhla we-VE (Uloyiso eYurophu) ngomhla we-8 Meyi 1945 kunye neeveki ezintandathu emva kwe-WW II iphelile xa iJapan inikezela ngokusemthethweni kwi-2 Septemba 1945. Kwiinyanga ezintlanu ukususela ngosuku lwe-VE , amajoni amalunga nezigidi ezithathu ayesele ebuyele eUnited States.Emva kokuphela kwemfazwe, i-US yayijongene nokubuya okuzayo kwezigidi ezininzi zamagqala.Abaninzi kweli qela likhulu lamagqala bebeya kufuna ukuthenga amakhaya kwiimarike zezindlu ebengalungiselelwanga ukufika kwabo.Kwisithuba esifutshane sonyaka emva kokuba uMyalelo we-L-41 urhoxisiwe, umthamo wenyanga wenkcitho yezindlu zabucala unyuke ngokuphindwe kahlanu.Esi yayisisiqalo nje sezindlu zasemva kwemfazwe e-US.

NgoMatshi 1946Inzululwazi edumileyoInqaku lephephancwadi elinomxholo othi “Stopgap Housing,” umbhali, uHartley Howe, waphawula, “Nokuba amakhaya asisigxina ayi-1,200,000 ngoku ayakhiwa minyaka le – kwaye iUnited States ayizange yakhe ne-1,000,000 ngonyaka omnye – iya kuba yiminyaka eli-10 ngaphambi kokuba iphele. isizwe sigcinwe ngokufanelekileyo.Kungoko, izindlu zokwexeshana ziyimfuneko ukuze kuthintelwe lo msantsa.”Ukubonelela ngesiqabu esikhawulezileyo, urhulumente woMdibaniso wenze ukuba kufumaneke amawaka amaninzi eentsimbi zentsimbi zeQuonset izindlu zethutyana zokuhlala.

Ukujongana nocelomngeni olwahlukileyo kwithuba lasemva kwemfazwe, amashishini amaninzi ngexesha lemfazwe aye anqunyulwa okanye arhoxiswa iikhontrakthi zawo kwaye imveliso yefektri iye yamiswa.Ngokuhla kwemveliso yasemkhosini, ishishini leenqwelomoya zase-US lafuna amanye amathuba okusebenzisa amava okwenziwa kwe-aluminiyam, intsimbi kunye neeplastiki kuqoqosho lwasemva kwemfazwe.

2. I-Post-WW II prefab aluminiyam kunye nezindlu zentsimbi e-US

Kwinkupho ye-2 Septemba 1946 yeIindaba zeAviationkwakukho inqaku elithi “Umzi-mveliso weeNqwelo-moya uya kwenza izindlu zeAluminiyam zamagqala,” echaza oku kulandelayo:

  • “Ishumi elinesiqingatha labenzi beenqwelo-moya kulindeleke ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kungekudala kwinkqubo karhulumente esezakhiwe ngezindlu.”
  • “Iinkampani zeenqwelo-moya ziya kugxila kwi-FHA (Federal Housing Administration) yoyilo oluvunyiweyo lwe-aluminium kunye nokudityaniswa kwayo neplywood kunye ne-insulation, ngelixa ezinye iinkampani ziya kwakha ii-prefabs ngentsimbi kunye nezinye izinto.Uyilo luya kunikwa abavelisi. ”
  • “Phantse onke amaphepha e-aluminiyam angaphezulu kwemfazwe aye asetyenziselwa ukufulela nokuhlanganisa amacango kumaphulo okwakha angxamisekileyo;Ngokwenyani akukho nanye eseleyo yenkqubo ye-prefab.Ulawulo lweMveliso yoLuntu lufumene kwiinkcukacha ze-FHA zephepha le-aluminiyam kunye nezinye izinto eziza kwenziwa, mhlawumbi phantsi kwezinto eziphambili.Uninzi lwamaphepha e-aluminiyam kwi-prefabs iya kuba yi-12 ukuya kwi-20 gauge - .019 - .051 intshi."

Ngo-Oktobha 1946,Iindaba zeAviationiphephancwadi lanikela le ngxelo, “Idabi eligrogriswayo le-aluminiyam yokwakhiwa kwezindlu, leenqwelo-moya nentaphane yeemveliso zasemva kwemfazwe ngowe-1947 alithatyathelwa ngqalelo kakhulu yiNational Housing Agency, ethethathethana neenkampani zeenqwelo-moya ukuze kwakhiwe amagumbi ee-aluminiyam esenziwe kwangaphambili ngomlinganiselo wonyaka ophakame kangangoko. 500,000.”……”Imvume yokugqibela yeenjineli ze-NHA ze-Lincoln Homes Corp. ipaneli 'yewaffle' (izikhumba zealuminiyam phezu kombindi wenqatha lobusi) linyathelo elinye elingakumbi elisingise kwisigqibo seenkampani zenqwelomoya zokungena ebaleni.…..Inkampani yeenqwelomoya. Imveliso yezindlu ngo-1947, ukuba isondela ekudibaneni nezindululo ze-NHA, iya kuba nkulu kunokuvelisa iinqwelomoya, ngoku kuqikelelwa ukuba ingaphantsi kwe-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-1946.

Ngasekupheleni kuka-1946, uMlawuli weFHA, uWilson Wyatt, wacebisa ukuba uLawulo lweeMpahla zeMfazwe (WAA), olwathi lwayilwa ngoJanuwari 1946 ukuze luchithe intsalela yepropathi karhulumente kunye nemathiriyeli, ibambe okwethutyana iifektri zeenqwelomoya ezishiyekileyo ekuqeshiseni okanye ekuthengisweni nasekunikeni iinqwelomoya. abavelisi bakhetha ukufikelela kwiifektri zentshiyekezo zexesha lemfazwe ezinokuthi zitshintshelwe ukuveliswa kwezindlu ngobuninzi.I-WAA yavuma.

Ngaphantsi kwenkqubo karhulumente, abavelisi bezindlu ze-prefab bebeya kukhuselwa ngemali kunye neziqinisekiso ze-FHA zokuhlawula i-90% yeendleko, kubandakanywa nesithembiso se-Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) ukuthenga nawaphi na amakhaya angathengiswanga.

Abaninzi abavelisi beenqwelo-moya babambe iingxoxo zokuqala kunye ne-FHA, kuquka: uDouglas, uMcDonnell, uMartin, uBell, uFairchild, uCurtis-Wright, uConsolidated-Vultee, uMntla waseMelika, uGoodyear noRyan.U-Boeing akazange angene kwezo ngxoxo kwaye uDouglas, uMcDonnell noRyan baphuma kwangoko.Ekugqibeleni, uninzi lwabavelisi beenqwelomoya babengafuni ukuzibophelela kwinkqubo yezindlu zasemva kwemfazwe, ikakhulu ngenxa yeenkxalabo zabo malunga nokuphazamisa iziseko zabo zefektri yenqwelomoya esele zikho ngokusekwe kuqikelelo lwentengiso olungaqinisekanga lobungakanani kunye nobude bemarike yezindlu kunye nokungabikho kwekhontrakthi ethile. izindululo ezivela kwi-FHA kunye ne-NHA.

Ityala lokuqala leshishini le-aluminium emva kwemfazwe kunye nezindlu zentsimbi ezenziwe ngaphambili zazinokuthi zenziwe ngokukhawuleza ngobuninzi kwaye zithengiswe ngenzuzo ngexabiso elingaphantsi kwezindlu eziqhelekileyo ezenziwe ngamaplanga.Ngaphaya koko, iinkampani ezenza iinqwelomoya zibuyisele umthamo womsebenzi olahlekileyo emva kokuba iWW II iphelile kwaye zakhuselwa kuninzi lomngcipheko wemali kumashishini okwenziwa kwezindlu.

Akumangalisi ukuba, iikontraka zokwakha kunye neemanyano zoshishino lwezokwakha zazichasene nale nkqubo yokuvelisa amakhaya asele enziwe kwimizi-mveliso, kuba oku kuya kuthatha ishishini kushishino lokwakha.Kwizixeko ezininzi imibutho yabasebenzi ibingavumi ukuba amalungu ayo afakele izinto ezenziweyo.Eminye imiba entsonkothileyo, iikhowudi zokwakha zasekhaya kunye nemimiselo yocando ayizange ihambelane nesicwangciso esikhulu sokusasazwa kwamakhaya aveliswe ngobuninzi, akhiwe kwangaphambili.

Amathemba anethemba lokwenziwa kunye nokwakhiwa kwamanani amakhulu e-aluminiyam esenziwe ngaphambili kunye nezindlu zentsimbi kwi-post-WW II USA azizange zenzeke.Kunokuba kwenziwe amakhulu amawaka ezindlu ngonyaka, aba bahlanu balandelayo abavelisi base-US bavelise i-aluminiyam entsha engaphantsi kwama-2,600 kunye nezindlu ezenziwe ngentsimbi esele zikho kwishumi leminyaka elilandela iWW II: iBeech Aircraft, iLincoln Houses Corp., iConsolidated-Vultee, iLustron Corp. kunye neNkampani yeAluminiyam yaseMelika (Alcoa).Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-prefabricators ezinikezela ngezindlu eziqhelekileyo zivelise iiyunithi ezingama-37,200 zizonke ngo-1946 kunye ne-37,400 ngo-1947.

US post-WW II prefabricated aluminiyam kunye nezindlu zentsimbi

Aba bavelisi base-US abazange badlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni ukusombulula ukunqongophala kwezindlu emva kweWW II.Nangona kunjalo, ezi zindlu ze-aluminiyam kunye nentsimbi zisamile njengemizekelo ebalulekileyo yezindlu ezifikelelekayo ezinokuthi, phantsi kweemeko ezilungileyo kakhulu, zinokuveliswa ngobuninzi nanamhlanje ukunceda ukusombulula ukunqongophala okungapheliyo kwezindlu ezifikelelekayo kwiindawo ezininzi zasedolophini nasezidolophini e-US.

Ezinye zeemfuno zezindlu zase-US zasemva kwe-WW II zahlangatyezwa nomsantsa wokumisa, izindlu zethutyana zisebenzisa injongo entsha, intsalela yentsimbi yexesha lemfazwe, izindlu zasemkhosini, iiyunithi zokuhlala zethutyana zosapho, iindawo zokuhlala eziphathwayo, iitreyila, kunye “nezindlu ezidilikayo. ,” ezaziyilelwe ukuba zincothulwe, zihanjiswe zize zidityaniswe naphi na apho kuyimfuneko.Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-post-WW II yokumisa i-gap yezindlu e-US e-Hartley Howe kaMatshi ka-1946 inqaku kwi-Popular Science (jonga ikhonkco ngezantsi).

Ishishini lokwakha liye lanyuka ngokukhawuleza emva kweWW II ukunceda ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yezindlu kunye nezindlu ezisisigxina ezakhiwe ngokuqhelekileyo, ezininzi zakhiwa kwiindawo ezinkulu zezindlu kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ezikhula ngokukhawuleza.Phakathi kwe-1945 kunye ne-1952, i-Veterans Administration yabika ukuba ixhase malunga ne-24 yezigidi mboleko yezindlu kumagqala eWW II.La magqala anceda ukukhulisa ubunini bamakhaya e-US ukusuka kwi-43.6% ngo-1940 ukuya kuma-62% ngo-1960.

Ezimbini ze-post-WW II US prefabricated aluminiyam kunye nezindlu zentsimbi zibuyiselwe kwaye ziboniswa esidlangalaleni kwiimyuziyam ezilandelayo:

Ukongeza, ungandwendwela iindawo ezininzi zeWW II Quonset kwiMyuziyam yaseSeabees kunye nePaki yeSikhumbuzo eNorth Kingstown, eRhode Island.Akukho nanye exhotywe njengendlu yabahlali yangemva kweWW II.Iwebhusayithi yemyuziyam ilapha:https://www.seabeesmuseum.com

Uya kufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya kumanqaku am malunga ne-US emva kwe-WW II eyenziwe nge-aluminiyam kunye nezindlu zentsimbi kwezi linki zilandelayo:

3. I-Post-WW II prefab aluminiyam kunye nezindlu zentsimbi e-UK

Ekupheleni kweWW II eYurophu (i-VE Day yi-8 kaMeyi 1945), i-UK ijongene nokunqongophala okukhulu kwezindlu njengoko imikhosi yabo yomkhosi ibuyela ekhaya kwilizwe elaliphulukene malunga ne-450,000 yamakhaya kumonakalo ngexesha lemfazwe.

Ngomhla wama-26 kuMatshi ka-1944, uWinston Churchill wenza intetho ebalulekileyo ethembisa ukuba i-UK izakuvelisa amakhaya angama-500,000 asele elungiselelwe ukulungisa ukunqongophala kwezindlu okuzayo.Kamva enyakeni, iPalamente yapasisa uMthetho weZindlu (iNdawo yokuHlala yeXeshana), i-1944, ihlawulisa i-Ofisi yoLwakhiwo ngokutsha ngokuphuhlisa izisombululo zokunqongophala kwezindlu okuzayo kunye nokunikezelwa kweeyunithi ze-300,000 kwiminyaka eyi-10, kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-£ 150 yezigidi.

Lo Mthetho ubonelele ngezicwangciso eziliqili, kuquka ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zethutyana, ezakhiwe kwangaphambili ezinobomi obucwangcisiweyo ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka eli-10.Inkqubo yoLwakhiwo lweZindlu lweXeshana (THP) yaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengenkqubo yolwakhiwo lwezindlu oluNgxamisekileyo lwe-Emergency Factory Made (EFM).Imigangatho efanayo ephuhliswe nguMphathiswa weMisebenzi (i-MoW) ifune ukuba zonke iiyunithi ze-EFM ezenziwe ngaphambili zibe neempawu ezithile, kuquka:

  • Ubuncinane besithuba somgangatho oziimitha ezingama-635 (59 m2)
  • Ubukhulu bobubanzi beemodyuli ezenziweyo 7.5 iinyawo (2.3 m) ukwenza uthutho ngendlela kwilizwe lonke.
  • Ukuphumeza ingqikelelo ye-MoW “yeyunithi yenkonzo,” ebeka ikhitshi kunye negumbi lokuhlambela umva-umva ukwenza lula imibhobho yeendlela kunye neentambo zombane nokuququzelela ukwenziwa komzi-mveliso weyunithi.
  • Ifektri ipeyintiwe, ene-"magnolia" (yellow-white) njengombala wokuqala kunye nombala oluhlaza okhanyayo njengombala we-trim.

Ngo-1944, i-UK Ministry of Works yabamba umboniso kawonkewonke kwi-Tate Gallery eLondon yeentlobo ezintlanu zezindlu zexeshana ezenziwe ngaphambili.

  • I-bungalow yoqobo yePortal yonke-yentsimbi yeprototype
  • I-AIROH (i-Aircraft Industries Research Organisation on Housing) i-aluminiyam bungalow, eyenziwe ngentsalela yezixhobo zenqwelo-moya.
  • I-bungalow eyenziwe ngentsimbi yeArcon kunye neepaneli ze-asbestos zekhonkrithi.Le deign yatshintshwa ukusuka kwiprototype yePortal yentsimbi.
  • Uyilo lweprefab emibini eyenziwe ngamaplanga, iTaran kunye ne-Uni-Seco

Lo mboniso udumileyo waphinda wabanjwa ngowe-1945 eLondon.

Imiba yesixokelelwano sonikezelo yacotha ukuqala kwenkqubo ye-EFM.I-Portal yentsimbi yonke yashiywa ngo-Agasti 1945 ngenxa yokunqongophala kwentsimbi.Phakathi ku-1946, ukunqongophala kweenkuni kwachaphazela abanye abenzi be-prefab.Zombini i-AIROH kunye ne-Arcon prefab izindlu bezijongene nokuveliswa okungalindelekanga kunye nokunyuka kweendleko zokwakha, okwenza ezi bungalows zexeshana zibize kakhulu ukwakha kunezindlu ezakhiwe ngokwesiqhelo ngamaplanga kunye nezitena.

Ngaphantsi kweNkqubo yokuBoleka-mboleko ebhengezwe ngoFebruwari 1945, i-US yavuma ukubonelela i-UK kunye ne-US-built, i-wood frame prefabricated bungalows eyaziwa ngokuba yi-UK 100.Esi sivumelwano sokuBoleka-mboleko safikelela esiphelweni ngo-Agasti ka-1945 njengoko i-UK yaqalisa ukunyusa imveliso yayo yezindlu ezenziweyo.Eyokuqala i-UK 100 eyakhiwe e-US yafika ekupheleni kukaMeyi/ekuqaleni kukaJuni ngo-1945.

Inkqubo yolwakhiwo lwezindlu yase-UK emva kwemfazwe yaba yimpumelelo kakhulu, inikezela malunga ne-1.2 yezigidi zezindlu ezintsha phakathi ko-1945 no-1951. Ngeli xesha lokwakha, izindlu zethutyana eziyi-156,623 zazo zonke iintlobo zanikezelwa phantsi kwenkqubo ye-EFM, eyaphela ngo-1949, ibonelela ngezindlu zokuhlala. malunga nesiqingatha sesigidi sabantu.Ngaphezu kwama-92,800 kwezi yayizi-aluminiyam zokwexeshana neebungalows zentsimbi.I-AIROH aluminiyam bungalow yayiyeyona modeli idumileyo ye-EFM, ilandelwa yi-bungalow yentsimbi ye-Arcon kunye nesakhelo somthi i-Uni-Seco.Ukongeza, ngaphezulu kwe-48,000 yezindlu ezisisigxina ze-aluminiyam kunye nentsimbi ezenziwe kwangaphambili zakhiwa ngu-AW Hawksley kunye ne-BISF ngelo xesha.

Xa kuthelekiswa nenani elincinci kakhulu le-aluminium emva kwemfazwe kunye nezindlu zentsimbi ezenziwe ngaphambili ezakhiwe e-US, ukuveliswa kwe-aluminiyam kunye ne-steel prefabs e-UK kwaphumelela kakhulu.

Kwinqaku le-25 kaJuni ka-2018 kwi-Manchester Evening News, umbhali uChris Osuh uxele ukuba, "Kucingelwa ukuba phakathi kwe-6 okanye i-7,000 ye-prefabs yasemva kwemfazwe ihlala e-UK ...." IMyuziyam ye-Prefab igcina imephu edibeneyo eyaziwayo. Iindawo ze-post-WW II prefab house e-UK kweli khonkco lilandelayo:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/map

Prefab-Museum-map-850x1024

 Umfanekiso wekhusi wemephu yePrefab Museum's interactive (kungaqukwanga iiprefabs eShetlands, ezingaphandle kwalo mfanekiso wekhusi).

 

E-UK, iBanga lesi-II lithetha ukuba isakhiwo sibalulekile kuzwelonke kwaye sinomdla okhethekileyo.Zimbalwa kuphela iiprefabs zexeshana zasemva kwemfazwe ezithe zanikwa iwonga njengeepropathi ezidwelisiweyo zeBakala II:

  • Kwi-estate of Phoenix steel frame bungalows eyakhiwe ngo-1945 eWake Green Road, eMoseley, eBirmingham, izindlu ezili-16 kwezili-17 zanikwa iwonga leBanga lesi-II ngo-1998.
  • Iibungalows ezintandathu zokhuni zeUni-Seco ezakhiwa ngo-1945 – 46 e-Excalibur Estate, eLewisham, eLondon zanikwa iwonga leBanga lesi-II ngo-2009. Ngelo xesha, i-Excalibur Estates yayinelona nani likhulu le-WW II prefabs e-UK: 187 iyonke, iintlobo ezininzi.

Iqela langaphambili lexeshana lasemva kwemfazwe ligcinwe kwiimyuziyam e-UK kwaye ziyafumaneka ukuba uzindwendwele.

Ndicinga ukuba iMyuziyam yePrefab ngowona mthombo wolwazi malunga ne-UK post-WW II prefabs.Xa yayiyilwa ngoMatshi ka-2014 ngu-Elisabeth Blanchet (umbhali weencwadi ezininzi kunye namanqaku kwi-UK prefabs) kunye noJane Hearn, iMyuziyam ye-Prefab yayinekhaya layo kwi-prefab eyayingenamntu kwi-Excalibur Estate kumazantsi eLondon.Emva komlilo ngo-Okthobha ka-2014, imyuziyam yenyama ivaliwe kodwa iqhubekile nomsebenzi wayo wokuqokelela kunye nokurekhoda iinkumbulo, iifoto kunye nezikhumbuzo, ezivezwa kwi-intanethi ngewebhusayithi ye-Prefab Museum kule link ilandelayo:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk

Uya kufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya kumanqaku am malunga ne-UK ye-post-WW II eyenziwe ngaphambili i-aluminium kunye nezindlu zentsimbi kwezi linki zilandelayo:

4. I-Post-WW II prefab aluminiyam kunye nezindlu zentsimbi eFransi

Ekupheleni kweWW II, iFransi, njenge-UK, yayinengxaki yokunqongophala kwezindlu ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezindlu kunye nezindlu ezonakaliswe okanye zatshatyalaliswa ngexesha lemfazwe, ukungabikho kolwakhiwo olutsha ngelo xesha, kunye nokunqongophala kwezinto eziphathekayo zokuxhasa ezintsha. ukwakhiwa emva kwemfazwe.

Ukunceda ukuphelisa ukunqongophala kwezindlu ngo-1945, uMphathiswa woKwakha kwakhona waseFransi kunye ne-Urbanism, uJean Monnet, uthenge izindlu ezi-8,000 zase-UK 100 ezazifunyenwe e-US phantsi kwesivumelwano se-Lend-Lease.Ezi zakhiwa kwiiHauts de France (kufuphi neBelgium), eNormandy naseBrittany, apho zininzi zisasetyenziswayo nanamhlanje.

Isebe Lokwakha Kakutsha kunye noCwangciso lweDolophu lamisela imiqathango yokwakhiwa kwezindlu zokwexeshana kubantu abathe bafuduswa yimfazwe.Phakathi kwezisombululo zokuqala eziye zafunwa yayiziindawo zokuhlala ezakhiwe ngaphambili ezinomlinganiselo we-6 x 6 yeemitha (19.6 x 19.6 feet);kamva yandiswa ukuya 6 × 9 iimitha (19.6 x 29.5 iinyawo).

Malunga ne-154,000 yezindlu zokwexeshana (amaFrentshi awayebizwa ngelo xesha ngokuthi "ibaraques"), kwizakhiwo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, zakhiwa eFransi kwiminyaka yasemva kwemfazwe, ikakhulu kumntla-ntshona weFransi ukusuka eDunkirk ukuya eSaint-Nazaire.Uninzi lwangeniswa lusuka eSweden, eFinland, eSwitzerland, eOstriya naseKhanada.

Umxhasi ophambili wokwenziwa kwe-aluminiyam yasekhaya yaseFransi eyenziwe ngaphambili kunye nentsimbi yendlu eyenziwe ngentsimbi yayinguJean Prouvé, owabonelela ngesisombululo esinoveli “sendlu enokudilizwa,” enokwakhiwa lula kwaye kamva “yohliswa” kwaye isiwe kwenye indawo ukuba kuyimfuneko.I-steel gantry-efana ne "portal frame" yayiyisakhiwo somthwalo wendlu, kunye nophahla oluqhelekileyo lwenziwe nge-aluminium, kunye neepaneli zangaphandle ezenziwe ngamaplanga, i-aluminium okanye izinto ezidibeneyo.Uninzi lwazo lwenziwe ngokobukhulu obucelwe nguMphathiswa woKwakha kwakhona.Ebudeni botyelelo lukaProuvé eMaxéville ngowe-1949, uEugène Claudius-Petit, ngoko, owayesakuba nguMphathiswa Wokwakha Kakutsha neNdawo yasezidolophini, wavakalisa uzimiselo lwakhe lokukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwemizi-mveliso “eyayisandul’ ukumiselwa (esele ilungiselelwe) izindlu ezinoqoqosho.”

Namhlanje, uninzi lwezindlu zeProuvé ze-aluminiyam kunye nentsimbi zigcinwe yizakhiwo kunye nabaqokeleli bezobugcisa uPatrick Seguin (Galerie Patrick Seguin) kunye no-Éric Touchaleaume (Galerie 54 kunye ne-la Friche l'Escalette).Izindlu ezilishumi zeProuvé's Standard House kunye nezindlu zakhe ezine zaseMaison ezakhiwa phakathi ko-1949 ukuya ku-1952 ziindawo zokuhlala kuphuhliso oluncinci olwaziwa njenge.Cité“Sans souci,” kumahlomela-dolophu aseMuedon eParis.

Indawo yokuhlala kaProuvé ka-1954 kunye nendawo yakhe yokusebenzela eyafuduswa ngo-1946 ivulekele iindwendwe ukusuka kwimpelaveki yokuqala kaJuni ukuya kwimpelaveki yokugqibela kaSeptemba eNancy, eFransi.IMusée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy ineyona ngqokelela inkulu kawonke-wonke yezinto ezenziwe nguProuvé.

Umbhali u-Elisabeth Blanchet unika ingxelo yokuba imyuziyam “iMémoire de Soye ikwazile ukwakha kwakhona 'iibharaki' ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: i-UK 100, eyesiFrentshi kunye neyaseKhanada.Bahlaziywa ngefenitshala evela kwimfazwe kunye nexesha lasemva kwemfazwe.I-Mémoire de Soye kuphela kwemyuziyam eFransi apho unokundwendwela i-prefabs emva kwemfazwe. "Imyuziyam iseLorient, eBrittany.Iwebhusayithi yabo (ngesiFrentshi) ilapha:http://www.soye.org

Uya kufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga ne-French post-WW II prefabricated aluminiyam kunye nezindlu zentsimbi kwinqaku lam malunga nezindlu ezidilikayo zikaJean Prouvé kwikhonkco elilandelayo:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Jean-Prouvé-demountable-houses-converted.pdf

5. Ekuqukumbeleni

E-US, ukuveliswa kwe-aluminiyam kunye nezindlu zentsimbi emva kwemfazwe akuzange kwenzeke.ULustron wayengoyena mvelisi mkhulu onezindlu ezingama-2,498.E-UK, ngaphezulu kwe-92,800 yee-aluminiyam kunye nee-bungalows zentsimbi zexeshana zakhiwe njengenxalenye ye-boom yokwakha yasemva kwemfazwe eyanikezela ngezindlu zexeshana ezipheleleyo ezingama-156,623 zazo zonke iintlobo phakathi kwe-1945 kunye ne-1949, xa inkqubo yaphela.EFransi, amakhulu ezindlu ze-aluminiyam kunye nentsimbi ezakhiwe ngaphambili zakhiwa emva kweWW II, kwaye ezininzi zisetyenziswa ekuqaleni njengezindlu zexeshana zabantu abafuduswa yimfazwe.Amathuba okuvelisa ngobuninzi bezindlu ezinjalo akazange aphuhlise eFransi.

Ukusilela kwempumelelo e-US kwavela kwizinto ezininzi, ezibandakanya:

  • Iindleko eziphezulu zangaphambili zokuseka umgca wokuvelisa ngobuninzi bezindlu ezenziweyo, nakwimizi-mveliso yexesha lemfazwe enkulu, eyayifumaneka kumenzi wendlu ngokwemiqathango yemali elungileyo.
  • Isixokelelwano sonikezelo olungekakhuli ukuxhasa umzi-mveliso wokwenziwa kwendlu (oko kukuthi, ababoneleli abahlukeneyo bayafuneka kunalowo wangaphambili wemizi-mveliso yeenqwelo-moya).
  • Ukuthengiswa, ukuhanjiswa kunye nokuhanjiswa kweziseko zophuhliso ezingasebenziyo kwizindlu ezenziweyo.
  • Iikhowudi zokwakha zasekuhlaleni ezahlukeneyo, ezingalungiselelwanga kunye nemimiselo yezowuni yema endleleni yokumisa kunye nokumisa uyilo olusemgangathweni, amakhaya angaphambili angengowaqhelekileyo.
  • Inkcaso evela kwimibutho yezokwakha kunye nabasebenzi ababengafuni ukulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi kumakhaya aveliswe ngumzi-mveliso.
  • Mnye kuphela umenzi, uLustron, ovelise izindlu ze-prefab ngamanani abalulekileyo kwaye unokuxhamla kuqoqosho lwemveliso yobuninzi.Abanye abavelisi bavelise kwimiyinge emincinci kangangokuba babengakwazi ukwenza utshintsho ukusuka kwimveliso yezobugcisa ukuya kwimveliso enkulu.
  • Ukunyuka kweendleko zokwenziwa kwemveliso kucuthiwe okanye kupheliswe inzuzo yokuqala yexabiso eliqikelelweyo kwi-aluminiyam esenziwe kwangaphambili kunye nezindlu zentsimbi, nakwiLustron.Babengakwazi ukukhuphisana ngexabiso nezindlu ezithelekisekayo ezakhiwe ngokwesiqhelo.
  • Kwimeko kaLustron, izityholo zorhwaphilizo kwinkampani zakhokelela ekubeni iReconstruction Finance Corporation ivale ityala likaLustron, nto leyo eyanyanzela inkampani ukuba ingabinamali kwangethuba.

Kwezi zifundo zasemva kwe-WW II ezifundiweyo, kunye nomdla ohlaziyiweyo "kumakhaya amancinci", kubonakala ngathi kufuneka kubekho imeko yeshishini lemizi-mveliso yangoku, eyoyikisayo, ekrelekrele yexabiso eliphantsi lokuveliswa kwezindlu ezomeleleyo ezenziweyo ezenziweyo. ukusuka kwi-aluminiyam, intsimbi, kunye/okanye ezinye izinto.Ezi zindlu zakhiwe ngaphambili zinokuba nobungakanani obuthobekileyo, bale mihla, nomtsalane, amandla afanelekileyo (i-LEED-certified), kwaye yenziwe ngokwezifiso ukuya kwinqanaba ngelixa kuhlonitshwa uyilo olusisiseko.Ezi zindlu kufuneka ziyilelwe ukuveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye zihlale kwiindawo ezincinci ezisezidolophini nasezidolophini.Ndiyakholelwa ukuba kukho imarike enkulu e-US yolu hlobo lwezindlu zamaxabiso aphantsi, ngakumbi njengendlela yokusombulula ukunqongophala kwezindlu ezifikelelekayo ezingapheliyo kwiindawo ezininzi zasedolophini nasezidolophini.Nangona kunjalo, kusekho imiqobo emikhulu ekufuneka yoyiswe, ngakumbi apho iimanyano zabasebenzi bokwakha zinokuma endleleni kwaye, eCarlifonia, apho kungekho mntu uya kufuna indlu enexabiso eliphantsi ebekwe ecaleni kweMcMansion yabo.

Unokukhuphela ikopi ye-pdf yesi sithuba, ungafaki amanqaku ngamanye, apha:

https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Post-WW-II-aluminium-steel-prefab-houses-converted.pdf
6. Ngolwazi olongezelelweyo

Ingxaki yezindlu yase-US emva kweWW II kunye namakhaya asele enziwe:

Ingxaki yezindlu yase-UK emva kwe-WW II kunye nekhaya elenziwe ngaphambili:

Ingxaki yezindlu yaseFransi emva kweWW II kunye namakhaya asele enziwe ngaphambili:

  • Elisabeth Blanchet, “Prefabs in France,” Prefab Museum (UK), 2016:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/prefabs-in-france
  • UNicole C. Rudolph, "Ekhaya kwi-Postwar France - Izindlu zanamhlanje zeMisa kunye neLungelo lokuThuthuzela," iBerghahn Monographs kwizifundo zesiFrentshi (Incwadi ye-14), Iincwadi zeBerghahn, ngoMatshi 2015, ISBN-13: 978-1782385875.Intshayelelo yale ncwadi iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi kule linki ilandelayo:https://berghahnbooks.com/downloads/intros/RudolphAt_intro.pdf
  • Kenny Cupers, "Iprojekthi yeNtlalo: Izindlu emva kweMfazwe yaseFransi," iYunivesithi yaseMinnesota Press, ngoMeyi 2014, ISBN-13: 978-0816689651
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-12-2022
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