Indlu yeekhonteyina sisakhiwo semodyuli esenziwe kwangaphambili esinesakhiwo sentsimbi yesikhongozeli njengowona mzimba uphambili.Zonke iiyunithi zeemodyuli zombini ziiyunithi zesakhiwo kunye neeyunithi zesithuba.Zinezakhiwo zenkxaso ezizimeleyo ezingaxhomekekanga ngaphandle.Ingaphakathi leemodyuli lihlukaniswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngokweemfuno zokusebenza.Izindlu zemigqomo zineempawu zemveliso yemizi-mveliso, uthutho olufanelekileyo, ukuchithwa okufanelekileyo kunye nokuhlanganisana, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona, kwaye zisetyenziswe kwihlabathi liphela.Njengenye yezinto ezintsha ezintsha kwimbali yezokwakha kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, indlu yeekhonteyina idweliswe yiAmerican “Business Weekly” njengenye yezinto eziyi-20 ezibalulekileyo ezinokuthi zitshintshe indlela yokuphila yabantu. iminyaka eli-10 ezayo, nto leyo ebangela ingqalelo ngakumbi nangakumbi evela abavelisi izitya.Nika ingqalelo kwaye uziqhelise ngokukhutheleyo.
1 Imekobume enkulu yophuhliso lwezindlu zeekhonteyina
Imekobume yangaphandle yeshishini yahlulwe yaba yi-micro-environment kunye ne-macro-environment: i-micro-environment ibhekiselele kwindawo ethile yokuphila kunye nophuhliso lweshishini, oko kukuthi, indawo yoshishino kunye nokhuphiswano lwemarike oluchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo. imisebenzi yemveliso kunye nokusebenza kweshishini., abathengi kunye nezinye izinto, impembelelo yale miba icacile ngakumbi, amashishini okuvelisa izitya kulula ukuwaqonda;Imeko-bume enkulu ibhekiselele kwindawo apho imveliso kunye nokusebenza imisebenzi yamashishini ibekwe, kubandakanya imeko yezopolitiko, imeko yezomthetho, imeko yezoqoqosho, imeko yentlalo nenkcubeko, imeko yetekhnoloji , Imiba yokusingqongileyo kunye neemeko zikaxakeka, njl. imarike kuqala, kwaye emva koko ichaphazele ishishini.Bangaphaya kolawulo lweshishini.Akukho lula kumashishini okwenziwa kweekhonteyina ukuyiqonda ngokuchanekileyo.Ke ngoko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlalutya ifuthe lemo engqongileyo yangoku enkulu kuphuhliso lwezindlu zeekhonteyina.
1.1 Imeko yezopolitiko
Umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe lukhuthaza uhlengahlengiso olukhulu lwesakhiwo soqoqosho lwamazwe ngamazwe, lukhawulezisa ngakumbi ulungelelwaniso ngokutsha kunye nokuhamba kwemiba yemveliso kumlinganiselo wehlabathi jikelele, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nokudluliselwa koshishino lwemveliso ngamazwe aphuhlileyo kubonelela ngamathuba abalulekileyo obuchule bophuhliso loqoqosho lwelizwe lam.dlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi.KwiNgxelo yoMsebenzi kaRhulumente ka-2008, “ukukhuthaza uhlengahlengiso lwezoqoqosho, utshintshe indlela yophuhliso, ulawule ngokungqongqo utyalo-mali olungaboniyo kunye nolwakhiwo olungafunekiyo kumashishini asebenzisa amandla aphezulu, ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo eziphezulu, kunye namandla angaphaya kwamandla, nokwandisa imigangatho yofikelelo kunye nolungelelwaniso lwenkunzi yeprojekthi kumashishini akhutshiweyo. thintela uphuhliso.”Umxholo "ubonisa isikhokelo sophuhliso lwemveliso kunye nokusebenza kweshishini.Njengobuchwephesha obuphezulu, imveliso ephuma kwisikhongozeli esinexabiso eliphezulu, izindlu zeekhonteyina zibonelela ngamathuba asebenzisekayo kwishishini leekhonteyina ukulungelelanisa ubume bemveliso, ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukubeka isiseko esiluqilima sophuhliso lwexesha elide, kunye nokufezekisa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo.
1.2 Indawo esemthethweni
1.2.1 Imiba yokonga amandla
Ukusukela oko kwenzeka ingxaki yamandla kwihlabathi ngo-1973, amazwe abeke ugcino lwamandla okwakha njengogxininiso lomsebenzi wogcino lwamandla, kwaye aqulunqa ngokulandelelana kwaye aphumeza uthotho lwemithetho nemigangatho yokwakha ugcino lwamandla.
Urhulumente wase-US wabhengeza “iMimiselo yoLondolozo lwaMandla kwiZakhiwo eziNtsha zeZakhiwo” ngoDisemba 1977, waza waqulunqa “uMthetho woLondolozo lwaMandla oMbane weSizwe” ukuze kuphunyezwe imigangatho eyonga amandla ombane kwizakhiwo nakwizinto zombane zasendlwini.Le migangatho iye yahlaziywa ngokuqhubekayo kwaye ingqongqo.Ukongeza, kwimimandla ephuhliswe kwezoqoqosho efana neCalifornia neNew York, imigangatho yokwakha amandla okusebenza ingqongqo kuneyorhulumente wobumbano.
I-Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) yaba luxwebhu olusemthethweni olunyanzelekileyo lwe-European Union ngoJanuwari 2003 kwaye lolona xwebhu lubalulekileyo lwesakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo wokwakha ugcino lwamandla kwi-European Union.Ukususela ekubeni i-EPBD yaqala ukusebenza, amazwe angamalungu e-EU aqulunqe okanye aphucula imimiselo yokonga umbane wokwakha ngokweemfuno ze-EPBD kwaye idityaniswe neemeko zabo ezithile.Emva koko wonga amandla ngama-25% ~ 30%;�IJamani iphumeze imimiselo emitsha yokonga umbane ngoAprili ka-2006. Lo mmiselo uchaza banzi ngeemfuneko zokuphunyezwa kwe-EPBD kuzo zonke iinkalo, kwaye uxela ubuncinane beemfuno zokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwimilo yomlinganiso wezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo.
Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1980, ilizwe lam liye labhengeza ngokulandelelana imigaqo-nkqubo yokonga umbane kunye nokwakha imigangatho yokonga umbane, njengeJGJ26-1995 “Imigangatho yoYilo lweZakhiwo zoLuntu (iZakhiwo zokufudumeza)”, JGJ134-2001 Iindawo ezishushu zasehlotyeni kunye nasebusika obubandayo”.ImiGangatho yokuYila ", i-JGJ75-2003 "iMigangatho yokuYila ukuLondolozwa kwamandla oMmandla weZakhiwo zokuHlala kwiiNdawo eziTshisayo zasehlobo kunye neendawo zasebusika ezifudumeleyo", i-GB50189-2005 "iMigangatho yoYilo loLondolozo lwaMandla kwiZakhiwo zoLuntu" njl.;inkqubo.
1.2.2 Imiba yokhuseleko lombane
Ukhuseleko lombane aluhambelani kuphela nokhuseleko lomntu, kodwa lunxulumene nokhuseleko lwezakhiwo, izixhobo zombane kunye nezinye izinto kunye nomsebenzi oqhelekileyo wezixhobo zombane.Amazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo aye ancamathela ukubaluleka okukhulu kwimiba yokhuseleko lombane kwaye aqulunqa imigaqo ekhethekileyo yokhuseleko lombane."IiMithetho yoMbane" kunye ne "Low Voltage Directive" ye-European Union, njl. Le migaqo yokhuseleko lombane idlale indima efanelekileyo ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko lomntu kunye nokuthintela imililo yombane.
I-"National Electrical Code" yase-United States iquka ngokupheleleyo umgaqo wokhuseleko lombane "ojoliswe ngabantu".Ichaza ngokucacileyo kwiphepha layo lasekhaya: “Injongo yalo mmiselo kukubonelela ngokhuseleko lwabantu nempahla, nokuphepha iingozi ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kombane.”Ngokutsho kwethekhnoloji yamva nje kunye neemfuno zeshishini, iNational Fire Protection Association yase-United States ihlaziya iKhowudi yeSizwe yoMbane rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithathu, ukuze olu xwebhu lubaluleke kakhulu kwinkalo yokhuseleko lombane eUnited States lunemithetho engqongqo kunye eneenkcukacha, engqongqo. umbhalo, kunye nokuthembeka okuqinileyo.Ukusebenza, kunye nokugcina ubume obuphambili bemigangatho kunye neenkcukacha ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni, ukonwabela udumo oluphezulu kwihlabathi.
Ngenxa yezizathu zembali, ukuqulunqwa kwemimiselo yokhuseleko lombane yelizwe lam kubhekiselele kwimigangatho ye-"Electrical Installation Regulations" yangaphambili yeSoviet Union, egxininisa kuphela ukukhuselwa kwezixhobo kwaye ayinayo ingcamango "yokujoliswe ngabantu"., Amanye amalungiselelo aneengxaki ezinjengokungacaci, ukuphikisana, kunye nobunzima bokuphunyezwa, kwaye umjikelo wokuhlaziya ude, ongasayi kuhlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso lwangoku olukhawulezayo lwentlalo noqoqosho.Ngoko ke, xa kuthelekiswa namazwe athuthukileyo, kusekho umsantsa omkhulu kwimimiselo yokhuseleko lombane yelizwe lam.
1.3 Imeko yezoqoqosho
Kwixesha lobunzima obusemva kwemali, uqoqosho lwehlabathi luya kulungelelana ngexabiso lokukhula okukwisantya esisezantsi, ukusetyenziswa kwehlabathi kunye nendawo yentengiso yezizwe ngezizwe inqabile, kwaye ukhuphiswano lwemarike luqina ngakumbi;amazwe aphuhlileyo aphinde agxininise imveliso, ukuveliswa kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle, kwaye imodeli yokukhula koqoqosho iye yatshintshela "kwi-industrialization kwakhona", ayicuthi nje indawo yemarike yamazwe aphuhlileyo, kodwa inokukhuphisana namazwe asakhulayo kwimarike.Ukuchasana kolungelelwaniso ngokutsha loqoqosho lwehlabathi kubangele ukukhuselwa korhwebo olumandla, kwaye imimandla, umda kunye neenjongo zokungavisisani kurhwebo ziye zanda, zazisa imingeni enzima kuphuhliso lwexesha elizayo lorhwebo lwehlabathi.Xa sijongene nemeko yezoqoqosho enje, amashishini elizwe lam ajolise ekuveliseni iikhonteyina ezijolise kumazwe angaphandle kufuneka ahlengahlengise izicwangciso zawo zoshishino ngexesha elifanelekileyo, andise iimarike ezintsha zokuthumela ngaphandle, kwaye aphephe ukuxinana okugqithisileyo kweemarike zangaphandle;tshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kwisicwangciso sokhuphiswano oluxabisa ixabiso eliphantsi ukuya kwisicwangciso esahlukileyo sokhuphiswano, kwaye sinikele ingqwalasela engakumbi kuphando oluZimeleyo kunye nophuhliso kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha, ukwandisa ukhuphiswano olungundoqo, kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwamashishini.
1.4 Imeko yentlalo nenkcubeko
1.4.1 Iinguqu kwindlela yokuphila
Ngokukhula okukhawulezayo kwenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe, iindlela zokuphila zabantu ziye zatshintsha kakhulu, nto leyo ethe yavuselela ukucinga okutsha ngendawo abahlala kuyo.Iimfuno zabantu zezindlu azisekho kuphela kwindawo yokusithela emoyeni nasemvuleni, kwaye iimfuno ezintsha ezinje ngokonwaba, ukukhuselwa kwendalo, ukonga umbane, kunye nendalo ephilayo zisaqhubeka nokuvela.Kwacetywa ukuba imodeli enye yokwakha yemveli ayinakukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu ngabanye, kwaye izindlu zeekhonteyina zingumbono omtsha, njengamagumbi amagumbi abafundi eAmsterdam, eNetherlands, iihotele zoqoqosho lweekhonteyina eLondon, eNgilani, kunye nezixeko zeekhonteyina kwidokhi. kunye neNaples, eItali.Ivenkile yePuma franchise, inkonkxa yemyuziyam yaseTokyo, eJapan, njl.
1.4.2 Impembelelo yoLwakhiwo lweeDemografi
Uxinzelelo lwabemi behlabathi luyakhula ngakumbi, lubonakaliswa kukukhula kwabemi kumazwe asakhasayo kunye nokwaluphala kwabantu kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho.Abathengi beminyaka eyahlukileyo banomahluko ocacileyo kwiimfuno zokusetyenziswa kunye nokuziphatha.Kubantu abancinci nabadala abaneemeko zoqoqosho ezimbi, injongo yokusetyenziswa kwezindlu kufuneka ibe yindlu efikelelekayo.Iimpawu zokusasazwa kwezindlu zaseMelika eziphuhliswe kwii-RVs kunye neminyaka yabathengi zibonisa le nyaniso: Izindlu zaseMelika eziphuculweyo zigxininiswe kakhulu kwimimandla esemazantsi ngokwezoqoqosho, kwaye uninzi lwabathengi ngamaqela anengeniso ephantsi, ingakumbi abancinci nabadala .Njengohlobo lwezindlu ezinemizi-mveliso, izindlu zeekhonteyina zinethemba lophuhliso olukhulu phakathi kwamaqela anengeniso ephantsi, ngakumbi abantu abatsha kunye nabantu abadala.
1.5 Ubume bobugcisa
Imo yezobuchwephesha ibhekisa kwinqanaba letekhnoloji, amandla ethekhinoloji, umgaqo-nkqubo wetekhnoloji kunye nentsingiselo yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji kwimeko yentlalo apho ishishini likhoyo.Ubume bobugcisa bezindlu zeekhonteyina bubandakanya zombini isayensi yoyilo kunye netekhnoloji kunye nokuxhasa itekhnoloji ehambelana nokuthuthwa kweekhonteyina.Ukudityaniswa kwazo kwenza itekhnoloji yeemodyuli zezindlu zeekhonteyina ezisekwe kwisayensi yoyilo kunye netekhnoloji.
Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwenzululwazi yale mihla nobuchwepheshe, ingakumbi unxibelelwano lwekhompyutha nobuchwepheshe bothungelwano, lubangele ukuba kusetyenziswe izixhobo zala maxesha kunye nempumelelo yobugcisa obuphezulu kwizakhiwo, kwaye ubukrelekrele bokwakha bufumana ingqwalasela ebanzi nophando;iingxaki ezimbini ezinkulu zehlabathi, ukunqongophala kwezixhobo kunye nokuthotywa kokusingqongileyo, ukukhuthaza Ngophuhliso lwezakhiwo kwicala lokukhusela indalo esingqongileyo, ukonga amandla, kunye nemithombo yokusetyenziswa ngokutsha.Xa abavelisi bendlu yeekhonteyina bephuhlisa iimveliso zendlu yeekhonteyina, akufuneki bathathele ingqalelo kuphela itekhnoloji yothutho, kodwa balandele ngokusondeleyo inqanaba letekhnoloji kunye nophuhliso lweshishini lokwakha, bahlale benolwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha bokwakha obutsha, izixhobo ezintsha, kunye nezinto ezintsha. iinkqubo, ukuze uphuhliso lwezindlu zeekhonteyina zikwazi ukuhambelana nophuhliso lwezindlu zeekhonteyina.Isantya sokutshintsha kwamaxesha.
1.6 Imiba yokusingqongileyo
Okwangoku, uluntu lujamelene nocelomngeni olukhulu lokunqongophala kwamandla kunye nokonakaliswa kwemekobume.Ngokwezibalo, ulwakhiwo lutya phantse i-50% yemithombo yendalo yehlabathi, inkunkuma yokwakha ibalelwa kwi-40% yenkunkuma eveliswa yimisebenzi yabantu, kunye nongcoliseko lomoya, ungcoliseko lokukhanya, kunye nongcoliseko lombane olunxulumene neakhawunti yokwakha i-34% yendalo yonke. ungcoliseko.Njengowona mveliso ubalulekileyo wempucuko yabantu, ulwakhiwo alunakugcinwa kwimodeli yalo yophuhliso lwemveli.Ukuphonononga imodeli yophuhliso oluzinzileyo loyilo lwezakhiwo, ukulandela ulungelelwaniso phakathi kophuhliso loqoqosho nentlalo, izixhobo kunye nokusingqongileyo, kunye nokufezekisa imvisiswano phakathi komntu kunye nendalo kuye kwaba yimfuno engxamisekileyo yoyilo lophuhliso loshishino.Kwi-1993, iNkongolo ye-18 ye-International Association of Architects yapapasha "Isibhengezo saseChicago" kunye nomxholo othi "I-Architecture kwi-Crossroads-Building Future Sustainable", ebonisa ukuba "izakhiwo kunye neendawo zayo ezakhiweyo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi. ifuthe labantu kwindalo esingqongileyo.”Iinkalo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo;uyilo oluhambelana nemigaqo yophuhliso oluzinzileyo lufuna ingqwalasela ebanzi yobutyebi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, impembelelo kwimpilo, kunye nokukhetha izinto eziphathekayo.Izindlu zemigqomo zibandakanya imiba yokusetyenziswa ngokutsha kwemithombo, ulondolozo lwamandla kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye zeyenye yeendlela zokuqonda uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwezakhiwo.
1.7 Iimeko eziNgxamisekileyo
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iintlekele ezibangelwa ziinyikima, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo kunye nemozulu embi engaqhelekanga ziye zanda kakhulu.Emva kwenyikima, xa izindlu ezininzi zitshatyalalisiwe, amaxhoba aya kugxothwa.Izindlu zeekhonteyina zineempawu zezindlu zokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kweemodyuli.Kuye kwakho amava amaninzi aphumelelayo ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ekucombululeni ngokukhawuleza iingxaki zokuphila zamaxhoba.Kuya kubakho imfuneko eyandayo yezindlu zeekhonteyina njengezindlu zokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kwasemva kwenyikima.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-23-2022